The uncooperative plaintiff and the reasons for his case-threatening behavior

By Patricia Iyer, MSN, RN, LNCC
© 2008 The Medical-Legal News

Plaintiff attorney Bob Arnold stared with dismay at his client who had been injured in a motor vehicle accident.
“What do you mean, you have not been going to physical therapy? What is the problem?” He thought to himself, “Are we going to end up with an uncooperative plaintiff who won’t mitigate his damages?”
Lack of cooperation with the medical treatment team and plan of care may occur in any healthcare or home setting. The medical term of “noncompliance” defines a person who refuses to listen to healthcare providers and displays behavior that is harmful to his physical health and ultimately, to his legal claim. Both extrinsic and intrinsic reasons exist as to why people do not cooperate with care recommendations after an injury.

Looking outward
Extrinsic factors, which are out of the plaintiff’s control, include a lack of resources. It has been our experience after reviewing hundreds of medical charts of injured patients that these individuals often are caught in a downward spiral. The inability to work may result in a loss of a job, loss of healthcare insurance, sometimes a loss of a car, greater difficulty affording medical care and higher insurance premiums or co-payments. Family members may have to become the transporters, a role that interferes with work and relationships.
The needs of dependents may impinge on the patient’s ability to participate in the medical plan of care. Childcare or elder care responsibilities, for example, may conflict with office and therapy appointments.
Additionally, long waits for care at doctors’ offices or therapy centers, or confusion about scheduling appointments, discourage compliance with treatment. Missed appointments can set up a climate of annoyance and even hostility. Patients may be punished by judgmental and negative healthcare providers who are irritated by missed appointments. [1]
Healthcare providers may be less than sympathetic to the injured patient who displays stress or acts out when in pain. Encountering negativity and punishment further discourages the patient from keeping appointments.
In extreme cases, physicians discharge patients from their practices. This usually results when the behavior of the patient is so out of bounds as to be unacceptable. Patient behavior that may result in being “fired” by the medical practice includes missed appointments, displays of anger, failure to follow instructions or abusive behavior toward staff.

Looking inward
Intrinsic issues interfering with treatment are varied. Lack of knowledge of the consequences of not following treatment recommendations may factor into noncompliant behavior.
Some plaintiffs’ lack of an understanding of the nuances of the care that has been prescribed may be caused by low education level or low intelligence. The necessity to follow a complicated course of treatment often dissuades injured individuals.
We have worked on cases involving people who have had a near-death experience that renders them compliant, at least for a time. This is the acceptance/denial phase commonly experienced when confronted with certain injuries, especially those that require changes in lifestyles, adherence to protracted periods (perhaps a lifetime) of care and specific treatment. Individuals who have had the near-death experience may be so appreciative of their survival that they vow to mend their ways, and they do, for a time. Most patients, however, soon return to the business of living and all it entails. Job and family stresses become their primary concerns once again, and health matters fade into the background. It is human nature, especially in our current culture, to do what we want to do and to be in control of our own lives. Anything that interferes with this, especially a condition that requires ongoing attention, is deemed problematic. That which necessitates our daily involvement frequently is met with even more resistance. In our “instant everything” society, we expect immediate results, and we want them yesterday. [2]
A patient’s energy resources are limited by chronic pain. It is most difficult to be an optimistic participant in care for a healthier life when day-to-day stresses are overwhelming. Dysfunctional families, difficult living situations, poverty, long working hours in a tense environment or problematic parenting issues are examples of factors that can leave injured individuals physically and emotionally exhausted. When patients face these external challenges, they simply are unable to expend either time or energy to manage complex or chronic conditions. All of this becomes a vicious cycle of despair and the withdrawal from anyone who would try to intervene — because even that requires time. When patients feel hopeless they fail to return phone calls, they skip medical appointments and ignore symptoms. [3]
Many medications have unpleasant side effects, discouraging adherence to a treatment regimen. Individuals who have lost their independence, role identity and control may become depressed, resulting in lowered adherence to the treatment plan. Flares of pre-existing mental illness, such as bipolar disease, schizophrenia or depression may paralyze the will to participate in therapy. Pre-existing alcohol or substance abuse patterns may also worsen in the face of injury.
The stoic individual may be reluctant to seek treatment, believing that it is better to tough it out rather than admit to what is perceived as a weakness: needing help. This individual is taught not to complain. As my stoic grandfather used to say, “It does not make any difference whether you complain or not — it won’t change a thing. So why complain?”
Religious convictions may hold people back from taking advantage of ordered therapy. Some individuals take a fatalistic view of medical treatment. Cultural beliefs may conflict with the treatment regimen.
Language barriers impede understanding of instructions for self-care.
Faced with the experience of having pain worsened by therapy, some patients opt to not willingly place themselves in a setting where they will feel worse — at least short term. Vigorous physical therapy may cause pain to flare.

Solutions
Close inspection of medical records by a legal nurse consultant (LNC) provides the attorney with essential information about compliance with the treatment plan. Medical summaries should include details and reasons for noncompliance. An LNC’s ability to interpret medical records encompasses the abbreviations used to record missed appointments, such as “NS” (no show), “DNKA” (did not keep appointment), and “NSNC” (no show, no call). The uncommon event of a physician discharging a patient from the medical practice is invariably documented in the form of a letter to a patient. An LNC’s summaries make note of those occurrences.

Summary
Plaintiff attorneys can’t afford to be uninformed about their uncooperative clients. The emotional aspects of noncompliance are challenging to uncover and to resolve. Often, the acknowledgment that others also experience these roller coaster feelings and that it is all right to be angry or depressed moves the individual closer to acceptance and active participation in care. [4] Defense attorneys can’t afford to be unaware of such patterns of behavior, either. Reasons for lack of cooperation need to be explored with the plaintiff, and the implications considered as part of litigation. Identifying the uncooperative plaintiff is the first step. •

1. Husain-Gambles, M., “Missed appointments in primary care: questionnaire and focus group study of health professions,” British Journal of General Practice, Feb. 01, 2004: 54 (499), 108-113.
2. Mullahy, C., “The challenge of noncompliance for case managers,” The Case Manager, Volume 16, No. 2, March/April 2005.
3. Id.
4. Id.

Patricia Iyer is president of Med League Support Services, a legal nurse consulting firm established in 1989; pat@medleague.com, www.medleague.com. Pat is a past president of the American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants and was the chief editor of both the Principles and Practices of Legal Nurse Consulting and the online LNC course offered by he American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants.